所以,达尔文在《物种起源》中写道:“可以肯定的是,如果这个‘进化’理论是正确的,那么地球上就已经存在过这样的东西”,那么“所有现存物种和灭绝物种之间的中间和过渡环节的数量,一定多得令人难以置信”。⁷⁶(The number of intermediate and transitional links, between all living and extinct species, must have been inconceivably great. But assuredly, if this theory [of evolution] be true, such have lived upon the earth.)
后来,达尔文在《物种起源》中承认:“(不同化石之间)具有鲜明的独特性以及它们不被无数过渡环节连接在一起,是一个非常明显的困难……那么为什么不是每个地质构造和每个地层都充满这样的中间环节?地质学肯定不会揭示任何此类精细逐步演变的有机链;这也许是对我的理论最明显和最严重的反对意见。” (The distinctiveness of specific forms, and their not being blended together by innumerable transitional links, is a very obvious difficulty…… Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection to my theory.)⁷⁷
美国哈佛大学古生物学教授古尔德(Stephen Jay Gould)评估化石的结论是,“如果进化的要意是解释一种生物可以渐渐改变成为另一种生物,那么化石的显着特征就是证明了进化没有证据。”(In short, if evolution means the gradual change of one kind of organism into another kind, the outstanding characteristic of the fossil record is the absence of evidence for evolution.)⁷⁸
英国古生物学家、化石研究权威专家科林‧帕特森博士(Colin Patterson, 1933—1998)⁷⁹,于1962至1993年在伦敦自然历史博物馆(Natural History Museum)工作。1981年他在一次美国自然历史博物馆(American Museum of Natural History)的演讲中提出:“你们谁能告诉我任何关于进化的真正证据,哪怕是一件真正的证据?”(”Can you tell me anything about evolution,” he asked his listeners, “any one thing, that is true?”)
1979年4月10日帕特森博士发给美国航空航天工程师路德‧桑德兰(Luther Sunderland, 1929—)一封信件,标题是:“没有任何一块化石能证明进化论!!”(Not one fossil of evidence fossil for evolution!!)内容摘录如下:
(I fully agree with your comments on the lack of direct illustration of evolutionary transitions in my book. If I knew of any, fossil or living, I would certainly have include them. You suggest that an artist should be asked to visualize such transformations, but where would he get the information from? I could not honestly provide it, and if I were to leave it to artist licence, would not this mislead the reader?
……Yet Gould and the American Museum people are hard to contradict when they say there are no transitional fossils. As a paleontologist myself, I am much occupied with the philosophical problems of identifying ancestral forms in the fossil record. You say that I should at least “show a photo of the fossil from which each type of organism was derived.” I will lay it on the line – there is not one such fossil for which one could make a watertight argument. The reason is that statements about ancestry and descent are not applicable in the fossil record.)
1857年,人们在德国西北部尼安德特山谷的石灰岩洞穴中,发现了一些类似人类头骨和其它骨头的一些碎片。随后,德国波恩的解剖学教授沙夫豪森(Prof. Hermann Schaaffhausen, 1816—1893)对低而窄的前额、几乎连在一起形成水平隆起的极大眉脊、扁平的圆顶和不同寻常的头骨尺寸感到震惊。他认为这些遗骸属于“一个未开化的、野蛮的种族”,可被视为欧洲最古老的居民⁸³。
沙夫豪森的观点得到进化假说拥护者托马斯‧亨利‧赫胥黎(Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825—1895)的支持。赫胥黎一方面承认尼安德特人的头骨非常接近猿类,另一方面却仍然认为可以把它置于从猿猴到人类的进化环节中,认为找到了猿猴向人进化的中间环节。
1864年,爱尔兰爵士、解剖学家威廉‧金医生(Dr. Sir William King, 1809-1886)宣称那是人类与猿猴之间的猿人,并将其命名为“尼安德特人(Homo neanderthalensis)”。⁸⁴
然而,同时代的细胞病理学创始人、著名病理学家鲁道夫‧维尔啸教授(Prof. Dr. Rudolf Virchow, 1821—1902)仔细研究之后,认为那是一个患有关节病的老人的骸骨。维尔啸拒绝接受把尼安德特人遗骸作为早期人类的化石证据。⁸⁵
而且,德国慕尼黑大学动物研究所(Zoological Institute, University of Munich)的马特斯‧克凌斯博士(Dr. Matthias Krings)等人对“尼安德特人”骸骨线粒体DNA(mtDNA)高变区I进行分析,发现“尼安德特人”不是现代人的祖先,认为尼安德特人在没有为现代人类贡献基因的情况下灭绝了。他们的论文1997年在权威杂志《细胞学》(Cell)上发表。⁸⁶
原西澳大利亚大学解剖学和人类生物学教授查尔斯‧奥克斯纳德(Charles Oxnard)博士对南方古猿化石进行复杂的计算机分析,结论认为南方古猿与人类的祖先没有关系,而只是一种已灭绝的猿类。这一结论于1987年发表在华盛顿大学出版的《化石、牙齿和性:人类进化的新视角》书中。(The australopithecines may well have been sibling groups to both the African apes and humans. This is an idea that would remove the australopithecines from being closely related to the human lineage and would place them unequivocally within an evolutionary radiation. Of these lineages, some, australopithecines, became extinct; some African apes, are almost extinct; only one genus, Homo, survives strongly at the present time.)⁹²
1891年,荷兰内科医生、解剖学家尤金‧杜巴斯(Prof. Dr. Eugene Dubois, 1858—1940)在印尼爪哇桑吉兰(Sangiran, Island of Java, Indonesia)河滩内发现一块头盖骨、一块股骨和三颗牙齿;拼在一起作为历史久远的“爪哇人(Java man)”。
后来,人们对这个标本提出了很多质疑。首先,不清楚这些骨头是否来自同一物种,很可能是拼凑的。一些科学家认为杜巴斯的发现只是一只猿,另一些科学家则认为这是一具患病的现代骨骼,还有一些人认为是现代人类股骨和猿人头盖骨的混合体。剑桥大学的解剖学家亚瑟‧基思爵士(Sir Arthur Keith, 1866—1955)研究发现,最初发现的头盖骨显然来自当今人类,它的脑容量在当今人类脑容量范围之内。⁹⁵
始祖盗龙(Archaeoraptor)化石据称是自始祖鸟化石以来从肉食恐龙进化成鸟的最佳证据。德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校地质科学系的蒂莫西‧B‧罗(Timothy B. Rowe)博士对来自中国的早白垩世地层产生的始祖盗龙化石的研究2001年3月发表在《自然》上,罗博士的研究发现所谓的化石是伪造品,是一种恐龙的尾巴和一种原始鸟类骨骼的混合物⁹⁹。
这篇文章的共同作者包括地质科学系的科学家理查德‧A‧凯查姆(Richard A. Ketcham)博士和助理研究员马修‧科尔伯特(Matthew Colbert )博士、前脊椎动物古生物学实验室的坎布里亚‧丹尼森(Cambria Denison)博士及中国北京中央研究院古脊椎动物、古人类学研究所的徐星(Xing Xu)和位于加拿大艾伯塔省德拉姆赫勒的王家泰瑞尔古生物博物馆的菲利普‧J‧柯里(Philip J. Currie)博士。
2021年11月8日,《The Deseret News》报纸发表了题目为Why this 300 million-year-old fossil discovered in Utah has the paleontology world buzzing的文章¹¹⁰,报导了在犹他州的峡谷地国家公园出土了一个清晰的、3亿年前脊椎骨骼遗骸的化石,约1.5英尺(45.72厘米)长,有着类似哺乳动物的脊椎骨,比最古老的恐龙化石还要早5,000万年。按照达尔文的进化假说,最早有脊椎的哺乳动物是出现在约2.05亿年前早侏罗世的摩尔根兽¹¹¹,可是它的身长只有10厘米,和一只家鼠差不多大小。3亿年前怎么会出现这个这么巨大的脊椎动物呢?
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